This article focuses on the GDNF family of neurotrophic factors as a potential new class of therapeutics for neuropathic pain, with a particular emphasis on the ligands, artemin and GDNF. In vivo activity of the ligands, expression of ligands and receptors after peripheral nerve injury, and modulation of nerve injury-induced changes by the ligands are reviewed in detail. Structural considerations, particularly with regard to implications for binding interactions and biological activity are discussed.