Background: Coeliac disease is a common chronic inflammatory enteropathy characterized by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia in the small intestine. The mechanism of the intestinal damage in coeliac disease remains unclear. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 is an enterotrophic peptide that causes crypt hyperplasia and intestinal cell proliferation. We postulate that GLP-2 may be involved in the mucosal changes found in coeliac disease.
Objectives: To study plasma concentrations of GLP-2 in untreated patients with coeliac disease and determine the response to a gluten-free diet (GFD).
Methods: A 440 kcal gluten-free test meal was given to seven controls and 12 coeliac patients at three time intervals: (1) before commencing a GFD; (2) 3 months after a GFD; and (3) 9 months after a GFD. Serial blood sampling was performed over a 2-h period. Each sample was analysed using radioimmunoassay for GLP-2, GLP-1, N-terminal glucagon (N-glucagon) and C-terminal glucagon (C-glucagon).
Results: Untreated coeliac patients had significantly higher basal and peak GLP-2 and N-glucagon plasma concentrations compared with controls. After 3 months on a GFD, there was a significant decrease in basal GLP-2 plasma concentrations. There was no significant difference between GLP-1 or C-glucagon in untreated coeliac patients compared with controls.
Conclusion: This is the first reported study of GLP-2 in coeliac disease. After a GFD there is recovery of the intestine and a reduction in the GLP-2 trophic response. Our findings support the theory that GLP-2 may be part of the mucosal healing and maintenance mechanisms in coeliac disease.