RNA binding proteins in the regulation of heart development

Abstract

In vivo, RNA molecules are constantly accompanied by RNA binding proteins (RBPs), which are intimately involved in every step of RNA biology, including transcription, editing, splicing, transport and localization, stability, and translation. RBPs therefore have opportunities to shape gene expression at multiple levels. This capacity is particularly important during development, when dynamic chemical and physical changes give rise to complex organs and tissues. This review discusses RBPs in the context of heart development. Since the targets and functions of most RBPs--in the heart and at large--are not fully understood, this review focuses on the expression and roles of RBPs that have been implicated in specific stages of heart development or developmental pathology. RBPs are involved in nearly every stage of cardiogenesis, including the formation, morphogenesis, and maturation of the heart. A fuller understanding of the roles and substrates of these proteins could ultimately provide attractive targets for the design of therapies for congenital heart defects, cardiovascular disease, or cardiac tissue repair.

Keywords: 3′ UTR; 3′ untranslated region; AVC; CELF; CHAMP; CUG-BP, Elav-like family; Csm; DGCR8; DGS; DM; Development; DiGeorge Syndrome; DiGeorge Syndrome critical region gene 8; EMT; ESRP; FXR1; HERMES; Heart; KH domain; MBNL; MET; Morphogenesis; OFT; PTB; RBFOX; RBM; RBP; RISC; RNA binding Fox-1 homolog; RNA binding motif; RNA binding protein; RNA processing; RNA recognition motif; RNA-induced silencing complex; RRM; RS domain; Regulation; SRSF; STAR; arginine/serine-rich domain; atrioventricular canal; cardiac helicase activated by MEF2 protein; cardiac-specific isoform of Mov10l1; dystrophia myotonica (myotonic dystrophy); epithelial splicing regulatory protein; epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; fragile X mental retardation autosomal homolog 1; heart and RRM expressed sequence; held out wings; heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein; hnRNP; hnRNP K homology domain; how; mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition; miRNA; microRNA; muscleblind-like; outflow tract; polypyrimidine tract binding protein; serine/arginine-rich splicing factor; signal transduction and activation of RNA.