The translational reactivation of maternal mRNAs encoding meiotic drivers in vertebrates is accomplished mainly by cytoplasmic polyadenylation. The cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements (CPEs) present in the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) of these transcripts, together with their cognate CPE-binding proteins (CPEBs), define a combinatorial code that determines the timing and extent of translational activation upon meiosis resumption. In addition, the RNA-binding protein Musashi1 (Msi1) regulates polyadenylation of CPE-containing mRNAs by a yet undefined CPEB-dependent or CPEB-independent mechanism. Here we show that Msi1 alone does not support cytoplasmic polyadenylation, but its binding triggers the remodeling of RNA structure, thereby exposing adjacent CPEs and stimulating polyadenylation. In this way, Msi1 directs the preferential use of specific CPEs, which in turn affects the timing and extent of polyadenylation during meiotic progression. Genome-wide analysis of CPEB1- and Msi1-associated mRNAs identified 491 common targets, thus revealing a new layer of CPE-mediated translational control.