Discovery of potent 2,4-difluoro-linker poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitors with enhanced water solubility and in vivo anticancer efficacy

Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2017 Nov;38(11):1521-1532. doi: 10.1038/aps.2017.104. Epub 2017 Aug 3.

Abstract

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, especially in breast and ovarian cancers; tumor cells that are deficient in breast cancer gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) are highly sensitive to PARP1 inhibition. In this study, we identified a series of 2,4-difluorophenyl-linker analogs (15-55) derived from olaparib as novel PARP1 inhibitors. Four potent analogs 17, 43, 47, and 50 (IC50=2.2-4.4 nmol/L) effectively inhibited the proliferation of Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V-C8 cells (IC50=3.2-37.6 nmol/L) in vitro, and showed specificity toward BRCA-deficient cells (SI=40-510). The corresponding hydrochloride salts 56 and 57 (based on 43 and 47) were highly water soluble in pH=1.0 buffered salt solutions (1628.2 μg/mL, 2652.5 μg/mL). In a BRCA1-mutated xenograft model, oral administration of compound 56 (30 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 21 d) exhibited more prominent tumor growth inhibition (96.6%) compared with the same dose of olaparib (56.3%); in a BRCA2-mutated xenograft model, oral administration of analog 43 (10 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 28 d) significantly inhibited tumor growth (69.0%) and had no negative effects on the body weights. Additionally, compound 56 exhibited good oral bioavailability (F=32.2%), similar to that of olaparib (F=45.4%). Furthermore, the free base 43 of the hydrochloride salt 56 exhibited minimal hERG inhibition activity (IC50=6.64 μmol/L). Collectively, these data demonstrate that compound 56 may be an excellent drug candidate for the treatment of cancer, particularly BRCA-deficient tumors.

MeSH terms

  • Administration, Oral
  • Animals
  • BRCA1 Protein / genetics
  • BRCA2 Protein / genetics
  • Biological Availability
  • Breast Neoplasms / drug therapy*
  • Breast Neoplasms / enzymology
  • Breast Neoplasms / genetics
  • Breast Neoplasms / pathology
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects
  • Cricetulus
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Drug Discovery / methods*
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Inhibitory Concentration 50
  • Injections, Intravenous
  • Male
  • Mice, Inbred BALB C
  • Mice, Nude
  • Molecular Structure
  • Phthalazines / chemistry
  • Phthalazines / pharmacology*
  • Piperazines / chemistry
  • Piperazines / pharmacology*
  • Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 / metabolism
  • Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 / pharmacology
  • Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors / chemistry
  • Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors / pharmacokinetics
  • Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors / pharmacology*
  • Rats, Sprague-Dawley
  • Solubility
  • Structure-Activity Relationship
  • Tumor Burden
  • Water / chemistry*
  • Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Substances

  • BRCA1 Protein
  • BRCA1 protein, human
  • BRCA2 Protein
  • BRCA2 protein, human
  • Phthalazines
  • Piperazines
  • Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors
  • Water
  • PARP1 protein, human
  • Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1
  • olaparib