1 Munson Healthcare, Department of Surgery, Traverse City, Michigan.
2 Independent Researcher, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
3 Emory Center for Ethics, Healthcare Ethics Consortium, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
4 Department of Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
5 Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
6 Medical University of South Carolina, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Institute of Human Values in Health Care, Charleston, South Carolina. Electronic address: sader@musc.edu.