Z-Spectral MRI Quantifies the Mass and Metabolic Activity of Adipose Tissues With Fat-Water-Fraction and Amide-Proton-Transfer Contrasts

Abstract

Background: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is metabolically activatable and plays an important role in obesity and metabolic diseases. With reduced fat-water-fraction (FWF) compared with white adipose tissue (WAT), BAT mass and its functional activation may be quantified with Z-spectra MRI, with built-in FWF and the metabolic amide proton transfer (APT) contrasts.

Purpose: To investigate if Z-spectral MRI can quantify the mass and metabolic activity of adipose tissues.

Study type: Prospective.

Subjects: Seven groups of 8-week-old male rats, including two groups (n = 7 per group) for in vivo MRI study and five groups (n = 5 per group) for ex vivo validation; 12 young and healthy volunteers with 6 male and 6 female.

Field strength/sequence: The 7 T small animal and 3 T clinical systems, T₂-weighted imaging, Rapid Acquisition with Relaxation Enhancement (RARE) readout based chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) Z-spectral MRI sequence.

Assessment: Quantified FWF and APT from Z-spectra in rats before and after norepinephrine (NE) stimulation and in healthy human subjects; ex vivo measurements of total proteins in BAT from rats.

Statistical tests: Two-tailed unpaired Student's t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA. P-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Decreased FWF (from 39.6% ± 7.2% before NE injection to 16.4% ± 7.2% 120 minutes after NE injection, P < 0.0001) and elevated APT (from 1.1% ± 0.5% before NE injection to 2.9% ± 0.5% 120 minutes after NE injection, P < 0.0001) signals in BAT were observed with in vivo Z-spectral MRI in rats injected with NE at 7 T MRI. At clinical 3 T, Z-spectral MRI was used to quantify the FWF (58.5% ± 7.2% in BAT and 73.7% ± 6.5% in WAT with P < 0.0001) and APT (2.6% ± 0.8% in BAT and 0.9% ± 0.3% in WAT with P < 0.0001) signals in healthy volunteers. APT signals of BAT were negatively correlated with the BMI in humans (r = 0.71).

Data conclusion: Endogenous Z-spectral MRI was demonstrated to simultaneously quantify BAT mass and function based on its FWF and APT contrasts.

Technical efficacy stage: 1.

Keywords: Z‐spectral MRI; amide proton transfer; brown adipose tissue; fat‐water fraction.