Aims: The ageing global population and overall population growth have significantly increased the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study aims to examine global temporal trends in the incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality rates of both overall and type-specific CVDs among adults aged 55 and older from 1990 to 2021, with a focus on identifying changes over time, regional disparities, and the key risk factors contributing to this burden.
Methods and results: We analysed data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, covering 204 countries and territories. Trends in age-standardized rates of incidence, DALY, and mortality for both overall and specific types of CVDs were assessed, alongside the impact of key risk factors. Between 1990 and 2021, global age-standardized incidence, DALY, and mortality rates showed a declining trend, with estimated annual percentage changes of -0.39, -1.30, and -1.11, respectively. However, due to overall population growth and ageing, the absolute number of CVD cases continued to rise. Regions with high-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) exhibited the highest incidence and mortality rates, while high SDI regions saw the greatest declines. Men had higher age-standardized rates of CVD incidence, DALY, and mortality compared with women. The burden increased with age, with the oldest age groups (80+ years) showing the highest rates. High systolic blood pressure was the leading modifiable risk factor, contributing to more than half of the CVD-related DALY globally. Other major risk factors included high LDL cholesterol, smoking, and ambient particulate matter pollution.
Conclusion: While age-standardized rates of CVD incidence, DALY, and mortality have declined over the past three decades, the total burden of CVDs continues to rise due to population ageing and growth. These findings highlight the need for targeted prevention strategies in regions with high CVD burden, particularly those with lower socioeconomic status.
Keywords: Ageing population; Cardiovascular diseases; Epidemiology; Global Burden of Disease; Public health; Risk factors; Socio-demographic index.
The study analyses cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden across 204 countries and territories, offering a detailed global, regional, and national perspective. Key findings include the following:Global trends in CVDs: Despite a decline in age-standardized rates of CVD incidence, disability-adjusted life year (DALY), and mortality from 1990 to 2021, the absolute number of CVD cases continues to rise, driven by population growth and ageing.Regional and demographic disparities: High–middle socio-demographic index (SDI) regions experience the highest CVD burden, while high SDI regions show the greatest decline. Men and older populations (particularly those 80+ years) bear a significantly higher burden of CVDs.Key modifiable risk factors: High systolic blood pressure remains the leading modifiable risk factor globally, contributing to more than half of CVD-related DALYs, underscoring the need for targeted public health interventions.
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.