Osteoporosis, the most prevalent bone disease, increases an individual's risk of fractures. Various factors, such as a past history of fractures, smoking, alcohol consumption, use of steroid medications, genetic background, and physical activity level, are associated with fracture risk. Notably, reduced physical activity should be emphasized for patients with brain or other neurological disorders, as impaired body balance and decreased muscle strength contribute to falls and fractures. The emergence of many effective treatments for osteoporosis has enabled patient-tailored treatments. Even physicians who do not specialize in osteoporosis, such as neurosurgeons, are expected to assess patient condition, estimate the risk of osteoporosis or fractures, and consult specialists when necessary.