A Novel Biallelic Variant in IHH Causing Acrocapitofemoral Dysplasia in a Pakistani Family

Abstract

Background: Acrocapitofemoral dysplasia (ACFD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by postnatal onset of disproportionate short stature with short limbs, brachydactyly, cone-shaped epiphysis, narrow thorax, and relatively large head. To date, only three homozygous missense mutations have been reported in the signaling amino terminal domain (201-308 amino acids) of the IHH gene in three ACFD families from Belgian, Dutch, and Turkish ethnicities.

Methods: In the present study, we have investigated two patients in a Pakistani family affected with ACFD. Whole exome sequencing (WES) followed by Sanger sequencing was carried out for mutational screening. The variant was further validated by in silico modeling and molecular dynamics simulation analysis.

Results: Data analysis revealed a novel homozygous missense variant [c.518C>A; p.(Ala173Asp)] in exon 2 of the IHH (NM_002181.4) gene. The variant segregated within the family and was not observed in unaffected ethnically matched controls. In silico modeling and dynamic simulation analysis revealed that the variant disturbed the core structure of the domain and destabilized the loop region and the region surrounding the variant.

Conclusion: This study reports the first case of ACFD from Pakistan and identifies the fourth novel missense variant in the IHH gene that led to the broadening of the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of ACFD.

Keywords: IHH; Pakistan; acrocapitofemoral dysplasia; autosomal recessive; dynamic simulation; missense variant.