Diagnostic value of deep learning of multimodal imaging of thyroid for TI-RADS category 3-5 classification

Abstract

Background: Thyroid nodules classified within the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TI-RADS) category 3-5 are typically regarded as having varying degrees of malignancy risk, with the risk increasing from TI-RADS 3 to TI-RADS 5. While some of these nodules may undergo fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy to assess their nature, this procedure carries a risk of false negatives and inherent complications. To avoid the need for unnecessary biopsy examination, we explored a method for distinguishing the benign and malignant characteristics of thyroid TI-RADS 3-5 nodules based on deep-learning ultrasound images combined with computed tomography (CT).

Methods: Thyroid nodules, assessed as American College of Radiology (ACR) TI-RADS category 3-5 through conventional ultrasound, all of which had postoperative pathology results, were examined using both conventional ultrasound and CT before operation. We investigated the effectiveness of deep-learning models based on ultrasound alone, CT alone, and a combination of both imaging modalities using the following metrics: Area Under Curve (AUC), sensitivity, accuracy, and positive predictive value (PPV). Additionally, we compared the diagnostic efficacy of the combined methods with manual readings of ultrasound and CT.

Results: A total of 768 thyroid nodules falling within TI-RADS categories 3-5 were identified across 768 patients. The dataset comprised 499 malignant and 269 benign cases. For the automatic identification of thyroid TI-RADS category 3-5 nodules, deep learning combined with ultrasound and CT demonstrated a significantly higher AUC (0.930; 95% CI: 0.892, 0.969) compared to the application of ultrasound alone AUC (0.901; 95% CI: 0.856, 0.947) or CT alone AUC (0.776; 95% CI: 0.713, 0.840). Additionally, the AUC of combined modalities surpassed that of radiologists'assessments using ultrasound alone AUCmean (0.725；95% CI:0.677, 0.773), CT alone AUCmean (0.617; 95% CI:0.564, 0.669). Deep learning method combined with ultrasound and CT imaging of thyroid can allow more accurate and precise classification of nodules within TI-RADS categories 3-5.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; CT images; Multimodal; Thyroid TI-RADS categories 3–5; Ultrasound images.