Background: Understanding if neonatal seizures (Sz) worsen brain injury and outcomes would optimize treatment decisions. We hypothesized that serum central nervous system-specific biomarkers would discriminate neonates with Sz and relate to outcomes.
Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study (April 2009 to November 2019), including neonates in three groups: (1) only Sz without HIE (Sz-no HIE), (2) HIE with Sz (Sz-HIE), and (3) HIE without Sz (no Sz-HIE). Levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, astrocytic reactivity), Tau (neuronal injury), and neurofilament light chain (NF-L, axonal degeneration) were studied at admission/<6 h, <72 h, and 72-144 h of life against time to achieve full oral feeds and NICHD-NRN MRI score.
Results: In 145 neonates included (61% male; 33% black), admission GFAP levels were higher in Sz-HIE than in no Sz-HIE. During the first 72 hours of life, GFAP, Tau, and NF-L levels were similar between Sz-no HIE and Sz-HIE but higher than in no Sz-HIE. After 72 hours, NF-L and Tau remained higher in both Sz groups (versus no Sz-HIE). In adjusted regression models, higher Tau and NF-L percentiles related to longer time to reach full oral feeding and higher odds of more than minimal brain injury in MRI in Sz-HIE.
Conclusions: Tau and NF-L levels are higher in those neonates developing Sz. Although relationships with worse brain injury may be driven by the HIE severity itself, modeling shows Sz as the most important feature, providing support to the notion that Sz may worsen brain injury in neonates with HIE even after TH.
Keywords: Brain MRI; Glial fibrillary acidic protein; Neurofilament-light chain; Tau.
Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.