Galectin-3 as a biomarker for periodontal disease severity in postcoronavirus disease 2019 patients: A clinical and biochemical investigation

Nimisha Mithradas; Uma Sudhakar; Vijayalakshmi Rajaram; Shankar Ram; Navina Ravindran

doi:10.4103/jisp.jisp_38_24

Galectin-3 as a biomarker for periodontal disease severity in postcoronavirus disease 2019 patients: A clinical and biochemical investigation

J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2024 Sep-Oct;28(5):551-556. doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_38_24. Epub 2025 Feb 26.

Authors

Nimisha Mithradas¹, Uma Sudhakar¹, Vijayalakshmi Rajaram², Shankar Ram¹, Navina Ravindran¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Periodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
² Department of Periodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract

Background: The relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and periodontitis has been interesting. Understanding this connection is crucial for comprehensive patient care and highlights the importance of monitoring and addressing oral health issues in an individual's post-COVID-19 recovery. This study compared and evaluated the serum Galectin-3 (Gal-3) levels and clinical parameters in healthy individuals with chronic periodontitis with no history of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 patients with periodontitis.

Materials and methods: Group I consists of 25 post-COVID-19 patients with Stage II Grade B periodontitis, 25 patients with Stage II Grade B periodontitis without any history of COVID-19 (Group II), and 25 healthy controls (Group III) were recruited for the study. Gal-3 levels in serum were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Clinical periodontal variables were measured and recorded, including clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and probing pocket depth (PPD). Data analyses were done using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Tukey's honest significant difference post hoc tests.

Results: Group I patients had a higher serum Gal-3 concentrations of 14.757 ng/ml compared to 11.127 ng/ml and 8.673 ng/ml in Group II and Group III, respectively, and the mean difference in Gal-3 levels was statistically significant with P = 0.000. The mean PPD, CAL, and PI were significantly high in Groups I and II compared to Groups II and III with P = 0.000.

Conclusion: The current study's findings demonstrated that periodontitis patients and individuals with post-COVID-19 and periodontitis had increased Gal-3 levels in the serum compared to healthy participants. This study highlights the relevance of treating periodontitis during the post-COVID-19/long-COVID era and the need to maintain oral hygiene by identifying possible biomarkers and understanding specific underlying processes.

Keywords: Galectin-3; periodontitis; postcoronavirus disease 2019; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.

Grants and funding

Nil.