Weaponizing CRISPR/Cas9 for selective elimination of cells with an aberrant genome

Abstract

The CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a powerful and versatile tool to disrupt genes' functions by introducing sequence-specific DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, we repurpose this technology to eradicate aberrant cells by specifically targeting silent and non-functional genomic sequences present only in target cells to be eliminated. Indeed, an intrinsic challenge of most current therapies against cancer and viral infections is the non-specific toxicity that they can induce in normal tissues because of their impact on important cellular mechanisms shared, to different extents, between unhealthy and healthy cells. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology has potential to overcome this limitation; however, so far effectiveness of these approaches was made dependent on the targeting and inactivation of a functional gene product. Here, we generate proof-of-principle evidence by engineering HeLa and RKO cells with a promoterless Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) construct. The integration of this construct simulates either a genomic alteration, as in cancer cells, or a silent proviral genome. Cas9-mediated DSBs in the GFP sequence activate the DNA damage response (DDR), reduce cell viability and increase mortality. This is associated with increased cell size, multinucleation, cGAS-positive micronuclei accumulation and the activation of an inflammatory response. Pharmacological inhibition of the DNA repair factor DNA-PK enhances cell death. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in eliminating cells with an aberrant genome, regardless of the expression or the function of the target DNA sequence.

Keywords: CRISPR/Cas9; Cancer; DNA damage; Precision medicine; Viral infections.