Assessing the Predictive Accuracy of the S.T.O.N.E. Score for Stone-Free Rates in Semirigid Pneumatic Ureteral Lithotripsy: Implications for Validation

Faisal Ahmed; Khaled Al-Kohlany; Khalil Al-Naggar; Ibrahim Alnadhari; Abdulfattah Yahya Altam; Mohamed Badheeb

doi:10.2147/RRU.S515846

Assessing the Predictive Accuracy of the S.T.O.N.E. Score for Stone-Free Rates in Semirigid Pneumatic Ureteral Lithotripsy: Implications for Validation

Res Rep Urol. 2025 May 1:17:139-152. doi: 10.2147/RRU.S515846. eCollection 2025.

Authors

Faisal Ahmed¹, Khaled Al-Kohlany², Khalil Al-Naggar¹, Ibrahim Alnadhari^{3

4}, Abdulfattah Yahya Altam⁵, Mohamed Badheeb⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen.
² Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.
³ Al Wakra Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Al Wakra, Qatar.
⁴ Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
⁵ Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, 21 September University, Sana'a, Yemen.
⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New-Haven Health/Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, USA.

Abstract

Background: The lack of reliable predictive tools for outcomes following ureteral lithotripsy (ULT) presents significant challenges in clinical decision-making. This study evaluates the efficacy of the S.T.O.N.E. score-an assessment incorporating Size, Topography, Obstruction, Number, and Hounsfield units (HU)-in predicting the likelihood of achieving a stone-free rate (SFR) in patients undergoing semirigid pneumatic ULT.

Methods: This retrospective analysis involved 266 patients with ureteral stones who underwent ULT at IBB University Hospitals from April 2021 to September 2023. The S.T.O.N.E. score was derived from preoperative CT scans, and a nomogram was created to predict SFR failure. Discrimination and calibration were assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration curve, while decision curve analysis (DCA) evaluated clinical utility.

Results: The cohort's mean age was 47.7 ± 15 years, with a predominance of males (72.2%). The mean S.T.O.N.E. score was 7.8 ± 1.8. The overall SFR of 85.3% and residual stones were detected in 39 patients (14.7%). Multivariate analysis identified higher HU (AOR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00-1.01; P < 0.001), proximal stone location (AOR: 15.13; 95% CI: 1.52-51.13; P = 0.020), moderate (AOR: 34.23; 95% CI: 8.28-141.45; P < 0.001) and severe hydronephrosis (AOR: 33.75; 95% CI: 4.55-250.36; P = 0.0006), and larger stone size (AOR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.30-1.75; P < 0.0001) as significant predictors of SFR failure. The S.T.O.N.E. score effectively predicts SFR failure, with an optimal threshold of > 8 achieving 85.0% accuracy. The model demonstrated 72.0% sensitivity, 81.0% specificity, and strong calibration. DCA indicated clinical utility, differentiating between low- and high-risk patients based on their S.T.O.N.E. scores.

Conclusion: The S.T.O.N.E. score is a valuable tool for predicting post-ULT SFR, aiding preoperative decision-making and potentially improving surgical outcomes by identifying high-risk patients. Further validation in diverse populations is needed to confirm its clinical utility.

Keywords: S.T.O.N.E. score; lithotripsy; nomograms; stone free rate; ureter; ureteroscopy; urolithiasis.

Plain language summary

Ureteral lithotripsy (ULT) is a procedure used to treat ureteral stones; however, predicting the success of this treatment remains challenging for urologists. This study evaluates the S.T.O.N.E. score, a tool designed to estimate a patient’s likelihood of achieving stone-free status following ULT by considering factors such as stone size and location. Researchers analyzed data from 266 patients who underwent ULT at IBB University Hospitals between April 2021 and September 2023. The findings indicate that the S.T.O.N.E. score effectively predicts the presence of residual stones post-treatment. These results suggest that the score may assist urologists in making more informed decisions prior to surgery, particularly for patients at elevated risk. However, further research is necessary to validate its applicability across diverse patient populations.