In vitro gametogenesis offers a powerful platform to explore the complexities of female germline development while bypassing ethical and technical barriers in human and non-human primate research. This systematic review examined 23 articles that reported meiotic entry from differentiated pluripotent stem cells or ex vivo-cultured fetal germ cells from humans, cynomolgus monkeys or marmosets and were published between 2009 and 2025. By comparing methodologies and outcomes, the review highlighted current progress and ongoing challenges in inducing meiotic progression in primates. Although complete oogenesis using in vitro gametogenesis has been successfully achieved in mice, extending this success to primates remains a major hurdle, with meiotic entry representing a key milestone toward realizing in vitro gametogenesis in humans.
Keywords: Human and non-human primate; differentiation protocols; meiosis; oogenesis; pluripotent stem cells.
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