Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy for Children Living with HIV in Africa

Abstract

Background: Children living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have limited options for second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods: In this open-label trial with a 2-by-4 factorial design, we randomly assigned children with HIV who had first-line treatment failure to receive second-line therapy with tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF)-emtricitabine or standard care (abacavir or zidovudine, plus lamivudine) as the backbone and dolutegravir or ritonavir-boosted darunavir, atazanavir, or lopinavir as the anchor drug. The primary outcome was a viral load of less than 400 copies per milliliter at 96 weeks. We hypothesized that TAF-emtricitabine would be noninferior to standard care, that dolutegravir and ritonavir-boosted darunavir would each be superior to ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and atazanavir analyzed in combination, and that ritonavir-boosted atazanavir would be noninferior to ritonavir-boosted lopinavir. Safety was also assessed.

Results: A total of 919 children underwent randomization; 458 were assigned to receive TAF-emtricitabine, and 461 to receive standard care. Assigned anchor drugs were dolutegravir (229 participants), ritonavir-boosted darunavir (232), ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (231), and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (227). The median age of participants was 10 years, and 497 (54.1%) were male. The median viral load at baseline was 17,573 copies per milliliter. At week 96, TAF-emtricitabine was superior to standard care: the adjusted difference in the percentage of participants with a viral load of less than 400 copies per milliliter was 6.3 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 10.6; P = 0.004). Dolutegravir was superior to ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and atazanavir analyzed in combination (adjusted difference, 9.7 percentage points; 95% CI, 4.8 to 14.5; P<0.001), but ritonavir-boosted darunavir was not (adjusted difference, 5.6 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.3 to 11.0; P = 0.04 [prespecified threshold, P = 0.03]). Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir was noninferior to ritonavir-boosted lopinavir. One child died, and 29 (3.2%) had serious adverse events, with no significant between-group differences.

Conclusions: Second-line ART regimens including TAF-emtricitabine and dolutegravir were effective for children, with no evidence of safety concerns. Ritonavir-boosted darunavir was also effective. (Funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership and others; CHAPAS-4 ISRCTN Registry number, ISRCTN22964075.).