Bacteria are Caenorhabditis elegans' food, and worms are naturally attracted to many bacteria, including pathogenic Pseudomonas, preferring PA14 over laboratory Escherichia coli (OP50). Despite this natural attraction to PA14, prior PA14 exposure causes the worms to instead avoid PA14. This behavioral switch can happen quickly - even within the duration of the choice assay. We show that accurate assessment of the animals' true first choice requires the use of a paralytic (azide) to trap the worms at their initial choice, preventing the switch from attraction to avoidance of PA14 within the assay period. We previously discovered that exposure of C. elegans to 25°C plate-grown PA14 at 20°C for 24 hr not only leads to PA14 avoidance, but also to four generations of naïve progeny avoiding PA14, while other PA14 paradigms only cause P0 and/or F1 avoidance. We also showed that the transgenerational (P0-F4) epigenetic avoidance is mediated by P11, a small RNA produced by PA14. P11 is both necessary and sufficient for TEI of learned avoidance. P11 is highly expressed in our standard growth conditions (25°C on surfaces), but not in other conditions, suggesting that the reported failure to observe F2-F4 avoidance is likely due to the absence of P11 expression in PA14 in the experimenters' growth conditions. Additionally, we tested ~35 genes for involvement in TEI of learned pathogen avoidance. The conservation of multiple components of this sRNA TEI mechanism across C. elegans strains and in multiple Pseudomonas species suggests that this TEI behavior is likely to be physiologically important in wild conditions.
Keywords: C. elegans; RNA interference; behavior; genetics; genomics; inheritance; sid-1; small RNA; transgenerational.
© 2025, Kaletsky et al.