Clinical characteristics and risk factors of chronic critical illness in children with sepsis

Lin Yang; Na Zang; Cong Liu; Ying Yang; Kai Bing Pu; Li Ping Tan; En Mei Liu

doi:10.3389/fped.2025.1561044

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of chronic critical illness in children with sepsis

Front Pediatr. 2025 May 2:13:1561044. doi: 10.3389/fped.2025.1561044. eCollection 2025.

Authors

Lin Yang^{1

2}, Na Zang^{2

3}, Cong Liu^{2

4}, Ying Yang^{2

3}, Kai Bing Pu^{1

2}, Li Ping Tan^{1

2}, En Mei Liu^{2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Emergency, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
² National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China.
³ Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
⁴ Department of Infection, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with the development of chronic critical illness (CCI) in children with sepsis.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on children diagnosed with sepsis and admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital between January 2015 and December 2022. Patients were categorized into two groups based on clinical outcomes: CCI group, defined by an ICU stay ≥14 days with persistent organ dysfunction, and non-CCI group, including patients with rapid recovery or early death. Data on baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and diagnostic and therapeutic differences were collected and analyzed.

Results: Among 1,326 children with sepsis, 244 were classified in the CCI group (135 males, 109 females) and 1,082 were classified in the non-CCI group (651 males, 431 females), including 163 cases in the early death group and 919 cases in the rapid recovery group. No significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of sex, age distribution, or prevalence of septic shock. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections were the predominant sources of infection in both groups. Compared to the non-CCI group, the CCI group exhibited significantly higher weights, pediatric sequential organ failure assessment (pSOFA) scores, rates of underlying respiratory diseases, trauma, surgical interventions, mechanical ventilation duration, ICU stay, total hospital stay, and secondary infection rates. Multivariate logistic regression identified pSOFA score, underlying respiratory diseases, trauma, prolonged mechanical ventilation, surgical interventions, and secondary infections as independent risk factors for the development of CCI in children with sepsis. Based on ROC analysis, the AUC of the established CCI prediction model was 0.902 (95% CI: 0.873-0.928). Secondary infections were also a prominent clinical feature of CCI cases.

Conclusions: CCI in pediatric sepsis is associated with underlying respiratory diseases, trauma, elevated pSOFA scores, surgical procedures, prolonged mechanical ventilation and secondary infections. These factors contribute to extended hospital stays, elevated secondary infection rates, and poor clinical outcomes. The persistence of pro-inflammatory mediators and subsequent immunosuppression may underlie the development of CCI in this population.

Keywords: chronic critical illness (CCI); clinical characteristics; immunosuppression; pediatric sepsis; risk factors.