Herein we coin the terms non-Markovian error and biased Markovian error to describe categories of scientific errors for which general progress within a field of study may be unlikely to result in scientific self-correction. We provide examples of such errors and show their impact on studies about gardening and obesity.
Keywords: Non-Markovian errors; Reproducibility; Rigor; Scientific errors; Scientific self-correction; Transparency.
© 2025. The Author(s).