Relative bioavailability of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol versus cholecalciferol and vitamin D3 requirements in White Pekin ducks from 15 to 42 days of age

Lei Zhuang; Yating Li; Yongyan Jin; Li Chen; Kexin Gao; Shuaiqin Wang; Jindang Cao; Mingkai Wang; Zhengkui Zhou; Ming Xie; Shuisheng Hou; Jing Tang

doi:10.1093/jas/skaf184

Relative bioavailability of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol versus cholecalciferol and vitamin D3 requirements in White Pekin ducks from 15 to 42 days of age

J Anim Sci. 2025 Jun 19:skaf184. doi: 10.1093/jas/skaf184. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
² Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
³ Shandong Haineng Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Rizhao, 276800, China.

PMID: 40577526
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaf184

Abstract

This study was designed to assess the effects of varying levels of vitamin D3 (VD3) or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) supplementary in the diet on growth performance, VD3 status, plasma calcium (Ca) levels, and tibial mineralization in growing male White Pekin ducks, and to determine the dietary requirements and relative bioavailability (RBA) of these 2 compounds. The overall total of 728 male White Pekin ducks (15 days old) were allocated to 13 experimental groups, with six different VD3 supplementation levels (100, 200, 400, 800, 1200, and 2000 IU/kg), and two vitamin D3 sources (VD3 and 25-OH-D3), alongside a negative control group without vitamin D3 supplementation. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (2×6 factorial, excluding control) and one-way ANOVA for cholecalciferol vs 25-hydroxycholecalciferol comparisons. Polynomial contrasts evaluated dose responses, with paired t-tests comparing sources at each level. Vitamin D3 requirements were estimated using quadratic broken-line model. RBA values (25-OH-D3 vs cholecalciferol) were determined via slope-ratio regression (using feed-adjusted vitamin D3 intake as independent variable). Ducks fed the basal diet had significantly lower body weight, average daily weight gain (ADG), plasma 25-OH-D3, calcium levels, and tibial mineralization (P < 0.05); however, all these parameters improved linearly or quadratically (P < 0.05) with increased VD3 or 25-OH-D3 levels in the diet. Plasma Ca, tibial weight, strength, density, mineral, and ash were higher (P < 0.05) in the 25-OH-D3 group in contrast with the VD3 group at 100 IU/kg, with higher plasma 25-OH-D3 concentrations when given 400, 800, 1200, or 2000 IU/kg (P < 0.05). Therefore, 25-OH-D3 was more efficient than VD3 in promoting Ca absorption and tibial mineralization. The optimal VD3 and 25-OH-D3 requirements of growing male Pekin ducks for growth and tibial development were 698 IU/kg and 352 IU/kg, respectively. The RBA of 25-OH-D3 compared to VD3 was 188%, based on slope ratio comparisons from multiple linear regressions of plasma 25-OH-D3 concentration.

Keywords: 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol; Duck; Relative bioavailability; Requirement; Vitamin D3.

© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.