Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: Definition, Staging, Risk Assessment, and Therapeutic Considerations

Melinda Solomon; Sophie Claudel; Ashish Verma

doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2025.03.001

Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: Definition, Staging, Risk Assessment, and Therapeutic Considerations

Cardiol Clin. 2025 Aug;43(3):337-357. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2025.03.001. Epub 2025 Apr 14.

Authors

Melinda Solomon¹, Sophie Claudel¹, Ashish Verma²

Affiliations

¹ Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, X504, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
² Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, X504, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Electronic address: ashverma@bu.edu.

PMID: 40582729
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2025.03.001

Abstract

Research has revealed that hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus have a common underlying pathophysiology of excess/or dysfunctional adiposity and share similar treatment plans. As a result, the American Heart Association issued a Presidential Advisory on Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Health. The advisory outlines the definition and stages in the progression of CKM syndrome, with cardiovascular disease as the final outcome. It also emphasizes the importance of evaluating metabolic and social risk factors and considering various therapeutic approaches, including the involvement of a multidisciplinary team.

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Chronic kidney disease; Metabolic disease.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Cardiovascular Diseases* / epidemiology
Cardiovascular Diseases* / therapy
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*
Humans
Metabolic Syndrome* / therapy
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic* / therapy
Risk Assessment / methods
Risk Factors