The burden of depressive disorder among the global 10-24 age group and the construction of an early risk factors model

Yangyi Guo; Hongxin Lu; Aidi Chen; Jing Guo; Yuyang Lai; Zhengyou Lu

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1594074

The burden of depressive disorder among the global 10-24 age group and the construction of an early risk factors model

Front Psychiatry. 2025 Jun 16:16:1594074. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1594074. eCollection 2025.

Authors

Yangyi Guo¹, Hongxin Lu¹, Aidi Chen¹, Jing Guo¹, Yuyang Lai¹, Zhengyou Lu¹

Affiliation

¹ Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Hospital Of LongYan, LongYan, Fujian, China.

Abstract

Objective: To understand the global trends in depression and identify potential early risk factors for its detection.

Methods: This study is the first to integrate the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data with machine learning techniques to explore the risk factors of adolescent depression. A machine learning-based model was constructed, and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) plots were utilized for interpretive analysis.

Results: From 1990 to 2021, the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of depression continued to rise globally among the 10-24 age group, particularly in high socio-demographic index(SDI) regions. Greenland, the United States of America, and Palestine had the highest rates of depression globally. Among the eight machine learning models evaluated, random forest (RF) proved to be the most reliable. SHAP analysis revealed that elevated levels of S100β (0.330), NSE (0.060), and PLT (0.031) significantly increased the risk of depression.

Conclusion: Our study shows an increasing trend of depression in the global 10-24 age group. Additionally, elevated S100β, NSE, and PLT are identified as key risk factors for depression.

Keywords: GBD; NSE; S100β; depressive disorder; machine learning.