A sialic acid-binding protein in Toxoplasma gondii contains a conserved globular domain in apicomplexan parasites

Abstract

Background: Apicomplexan protozoans employ an intricate invasion mechanism involving dynamic interactions with host cells, characterized by sequential secretion of adhesins and lectins. Our laboratory previously identified TgSABP1, a novel Toxoplasma gondii adhesin, demonstrating specific binding affinity for sialic acid (SA) receptors on host cell surfaces. However, the structural determinants governing SA recognition by this adhesin remain undefined.

Methods: Three-dimensional structural predictions of TgSABP1 and homologous proteins were generated using AlphaFold2. Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) quantified the binding affinities between the recombinant proteins and ligands. Competitive BLI assays evaluated small molecules that potentially inhibit the TgSABP1-sialyllactose interactions. Molecular docking simulations employing AutoDock Vina software elucidated ligand-binding site interactions. In vitro invasion inhibition assays were performed to assess the therapeutic potential of lead compounds targeting TgSABP1 against T. gondii tachyzoites.

Results: AlphaFold2 structural predictions revealed that TgSABP1 and its homologues contain a conserved globular domain (pLDDT > 90) with significant structural homology (with root-mean-square deviation [RMSD] < 4 Å) to a Plasmodium falciparum invasion-related protein PfIMP2 (PDB: 5LG9). BLI quantification demonstrated the micromolar binding affinities of the recombinant proteins for 3'-sialyllactose-polyacrylamide (PAA) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL)-PAA. Intriguingly, although recombinant TgSABP1 showed stronger lactose binding (K_D = 0.02 ± 0.01 M) compared to SA (K_D = 2.07 ± 0.45 M), only the latter exhibited an inhibition on the TgSABP1-6'SL-PAA interaction. Virtual screening of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds identified eltrombopag as a high-affinity molecule (ΔG_bind = -8.3 kcal/mol) targeting the SA-binding pocket in TgSABP1. Functional validation demonstrated that eltrombopag effectively blocked the TgSABP1/6'SL-PAA interaction and significantly decreased host cell invasion of T. gondii tachyzoites.

Conclusions: Our study reveals a conserved globular domain of apicomplexan parasites as a novel SA-binding domain. Structural and functional characterization demonstrates its critical role in mediating TgSABP1-host cell interactions. Targeting this SA-binding pocket with eltrombopag effectively decreased T. gondii tachyzoite invasion, suggesting its therapeutic potential as an anti-invasion target. These findings not only elucidate a conserved mechanism underlying host receptor recognition in apicomplexans, but also establish a structural framework for the rational design of broad-spectrum inhibitors targeting invasion-related lectin domains.

Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; Globular domain; Sialic acid.