Regulating wide-bandgap perovskite face-on stacking in hybrid-deposited perovskite/organic tandem solar cells

Yu-Duan Wang; Zhenrong Jia; Shunchang Liu; Ran Luo; Yuchen Zhang; Julian A Steele; Zachary Degnan; M Bilal Faheem; Eduardo Solano; Quinn Qiao; Jia Li; Zhuojie Shi; Ling Kai Lee; Xiao Guo; Zijing Dong; Xi Wang; Jinxi Chen; Nengxu Li; Qilin Zhou; Zhouyin Wei; Xinyi Du; Yi Hou

doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61404-x

Regulating wide-bandgap perovskite face-on stacking in hybrid-deposited perovskite/organic tandem solar cells

Nat Commun. 2025 Jul 3;16(1):6142. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-61404-x.

Authors

Yu-Duan Wang^#^{1

2}, Zhenrong Jia^#^{1

2}, Shunchang Liu^#², Ran Luo^{1

2}, Yuchen Zhang³, Julian A Steele^{4

5}, Zachary Degnan⁵, M Bilal Faheem³, Eduardo Solano⁶, Quinn Qiao³, Jia Li¹, Zhuojie Shi^{1

2}, Ling Kai Lee², Xiao Guo^{1

2}, Zijing Dong^{1

2}, Xi Wang^{1

2}, Jinxi Chen^{1

2}, Nengxu Li^{1

2}, Qilin Zhou^{1

2}, Zhouyin Wei², Xinyi Du^{1

2}, Yi Hou^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
² Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
³ Energy Conversion and Storage Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
⁴ Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁵ School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁶ NCD-SWEET Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08290, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷ Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. yi.hou@nus.edu.sg.
⁸ Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. yi.hou@nus.edu.sg.

^# Contributed equally.

Abstract

Vacuum-assisted hybrid deposition for wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskites has been widely recognized for its advantages, including convenience for scaling up and conformal growth, while avoiding toxic solvents. However, the growth of WBG perovskites (>1.8 eV), which is critical for advancing the performance of thin-film-based tandem solar cells, remains insufficiently controlled under hybrid deposition. In this work, we introduce n-propylamine hydrochloride (PACl), which shows enhanced face-on stacking of (100) plane, effectively regulating the oriented crystal growth of 1.84 eV WBG perovskites during the annealing process. This approach reduces defect density and, consequently, improves carrier diffusion length. As a result, the hybrid-deposited WBG perovskite (>1.8 eV) solar cells realize a maximum efficiency of 17.48% and an open-circuit voltage (V_oc) exceeding 1.315 V. When integrated with organic sub-cell in a two-terminal tandem configuration, the tandem device demonstrates a record efficiency of 26.46%, with a certified efficiency of 25.82% over an active area of 0.05 cm².