Antisolvent-bathing Strategy with Ultra-wide Processing Window for Making High-efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient Air

Lixiu Zhang; Chuantian Zuo; Mei Zhang; Ruihao Chen; Xiangyu Chen; Ke Jin; Feng Hao; Keyou Yan; Zuo Xiao; Congcong Wu; Jingjing Chang; Yong Ding; Liming Ding

doi:10.1002/anie.202506418

Antisolvent-bathing Strategy with Ultra-wide Processing Window for Making High-efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient Air

Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2025 Jul 9:e202506418. doi: 10.1002/anie.202506418. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Lixiu Zhang¹, Chuantian Zuo², Mei Zhang², Ruihao Chen³, Xiangyu Chen⁴, Ke Jin⁵, Feng Hao⁶, Keyou Yan⁷, Zuo Xiao², Congcong Wu⁸, Jingjing Chang⁹, Yong Ding¹⁰, Liming Ding¹¹

Affiliations

¹ National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), Beijing, CHINA.
² National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), CHINA.
³ Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Materials Science and Engineering,, CHINA.
⁴ Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, CHINA.
⁵ Guangdong University of Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, CHINA.
⁶ University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Materials and Energy, CHINA.
⁷ South China University of Technology, School of Environment and Energy, CHINA.
⁸ Hubei University, School of Material Science and Engineering, CHINA.
⁹ Xidian University, School of Microelectronics, CHINA.
¹⁰ Hohai University, School of Renewable Energy,, CHINA.
¹¹ Guangdong University of Technology - University Town Campus: Guangdong University of Technology, 100 waihuanxi road, 100, 510006, Guangzhou, CHINA.

PMID: 40632645
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202506418

Abstract

Most record-efficiency perovskite solar cells rely on spin-coating with antisolvent dripping, which is fundamentally incompatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing. The crystallization kinetics of dynamic wet film during spin coating differs widely from the static wet film during roll-to-roll fabrication, which makes the existing crystallization control strategies become inapplicable while upscaling. The crystallization regulation of static wet film remains a critical challenge, particularly under ambient conditions. In this study, we employed antisolvent-bathing method that can efficiently regulate the crystallization process of static wet films made by drop coating. Through systematic investigation of solvent-antisolvent interdiffusion kinetics and in-situ crystallization monitoring via time-resolved UV-Vis spectroscopy, we identify alkyl chlorides (particularly chloroform) as optimal bathing agents. The champion device made by CF bathing achieved an efficiency of 24.49% under ambient conditions (RH 30-50%), representing the highest efficiency for perovskite solar cells made by antisolvent bathing method. The device showed negligible decay after 2256 hours storage in N2 atmosphere. The method demonstrates exceptional environmental resilience to humidity and solvent accumulation, accompanied with an ultra-wide processing window (10 s-10 min bathing duration, >2 min post-bathing delay tolerance).

Keywords: Perovskite solar cells; ambient-air preparation; antisolvent bathing; in-situ crystallization kinetics; roll-to-roll.