Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) is a common cause of vasculitis in children. The role of an antecedent streptococcal infection is still controversial. The aim of this study is to verify such a relationship, as well as to provide a profile of the clinical features and the magnitude of this disorder in Jordan. We identified 69 cases of HSP below the age of 13 years between January 1991 and April 1994 admitted to the two main hospitals in northern Jordan. Thirty-five of these cases were prospectively enrolled during the last year of the study. Forty-three controls, frequency-matched to the cases on age and sex, were selected from the out-patient clinics of the same two hospitals. The minimum estimate of the annual incidence was 8.5/100,000. All patients recovered completely and were well after a mean period of follow-up of 16 months. The clinical features were essentially similar to those reported by others. Unusually, two of our cases followed mumps and one occurred after otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Forty-nine per cent of all patients in this series had evidence of a recent streptococcal infection (elevated antistreptolysin O titre) compared to 16 per cent of the controls. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.004). This finding supports a role for antecedent streptococcal infection in the pathogenesis of HSP.